Journal of Pathology and Translational Medicine

Original Article

Prognostic Significance of Aquaporin 5 Expression in Non-small Cell Lung Cancer: Young Min Jo, Tae In Park, Hwa Young Lee, Ji Yun Jeong, Won Kee Lee; J Pathol Transl Med. 2016;50(2):122-128. Published online February 8, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/jptm.2015.10.31

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Background
Aquaporins are water channel proteins that play a major role in the movement of water in various human tissues. Recently, it has been found that aquaporins have influence in the carcinogenesis of human malignancies. We analyzed the prognostic impact of aquaporin 5 (AQP5) in non-small lung cancer (NSCLC). Methods: Seventy-six cases of NSCLC were studied, including 44 cases of adenocarcinoma (ADC) and 32 cases of squamous cell carcinoma (SQCC). Tissue microarray was constructed and immunohistochemical staining for AQP5 was performed. Results: AQP5 was positive in 59.2% of the total enrolled NSCLCs (63.7% in ADC and 53.1% in SQCC). The difference in expression of AQP5 according to the histologic grade of the tumor was significant (p<.047), but not in a serial order. When ADC and SQCC were separately evaluated, no significant difference was observed according to the histologic grade of the tumor (p=.076 in ADC and p=.631 in SQCC). No difference was observed between AQP5 expression and other demographic data and tumor characteristics. Disease-free survival (DFS) was higher in AQP5 negative cases than positive cases in ADC (p=.047), but no significance was found in SQCC (p=.068). We were unable to find a significance between AQP5 overexpression and overall survival in either ADC (p=.210) or SQCC (p=.533). Conclusions: AQP5 expression is associated with DFS in ADC of the lung and tumor grade of NSCLC. The present study suggests that AQP5 can be a prognostic factor of NSCLC.

Citations

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Aquaporin-mediated dysregulation of cell migration in disease states
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Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
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Case Report

Congenital Pulmonary Lymphangiectasia, Associated with Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Return.: Seong Wook Hwang, Mee Seon Kim, Po Eun Park, Tae In Park; Korean J Pathol. 2011;45(6):650-653.; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/KoreanJPathol.2011.45.6.650

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Abstract PDF: Congenital pulmonary lymphangiectasia (CPL) is very rare. It shows diffuse pulmonary lymphatic dilatation without lymphatic proliferation. CPL can occur as a primary disorder or arise secondarily from other diseases such as the obstruction of pulmonary veins or lymphatics. The prognosis of CPL is very poor. Approximately 50% of infants are stillborn and most others usually die within the first day of life. The present case showed diffuse lymphangiectasia in the subpleural, interlobular, and peribronchovascular areas. The flat lining cells were immunohistochemically positive for D2-40 and CD31. CPL is usually diagnosed by clinicoradiological or postmortem examinations. However, our case was diagnosed by an antemortem lung biopsy. We report a case of CPL with total anomalous pulmonary venous return.

Original Articles

WHO Classification of Malignant Lymphomas in Korea: Report of the Third Nationwide Study.: Jin Man Kim, Young Hyeh Ko, Seung Sook Lee, Jooryung Huh, Chang Suk Kang, Chul Woo Kim, Yun Kyung Kang, Jai Hyang Go, Min Kyung Kim, Wan Seop Kim, Yoon Jung Kim, Hyun Jung Kim, Hee Kyung Kim, Jong Hee Nam, Hyung Bae Moon, Chan Kum Park, Tae In Park, Young Ha Oh, Dong Wha Lee, Jong Sil Lee, Juhie Lee, Hyekyung Lee, Sung Chul Lim, Kyu Yun Jang, Hee Kyung Chang, Yoon Kyung Jeon, Hye Ra Jung, Min Sun Cho, Hee Jeong Cha, Suk Jin Choi, Jae Ho Han, Sook Hee Hong, Insun Kim; Korean J Pathol. 2011;45(3):254-260.; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/KoreanJPathol.2011.45.3.254

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Abstract PDF

BACKGROUND
The aim of study was to determine the relative frequency of malignant lymphoma according to World Health Organization (WHO) classification in Korea.
METHODS
A total of 3,998 cases diagnosed at 31 institutes between 2005 and 2006 were enrolled. Information including age, gender, pathologic diagnosis, site of involvement and immunophenotypes were obtained.
RESULTS
The relative frequency of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) and Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) was 95.4% and 4.6%, respectively. B-cell lymphomas accounted for 77.6% of all NHL, while T/natural killer (T/NK)-cell lymphomas accounted for 22.4%. The most frequent subtypes of NHL were diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (42.7%), extranodal marginal zone B-cell lymphoma (MZBCL) of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (19.0%), NK/T-cell lymphoma (6.3%) and peripheral T-cell lymphoma (PTCL), unspecified (6.3%), in decreasing order. The relative frequency of HL was nodular sclerosis (47.4%), mixed cellularity (30.6%), and nodular lymphocyte predominant (12.1%) subtypes. Compared with a previous study in 1998, increase in gastric MZBCL and nodular sclerosis HL, and slight decrease of follicular lymphoma, PTCL, and NK/T-cell lymphoma were observed.
CONCLUSIONS
Korea had lower rates of HL and follicular lymphoma, and higher rates of extranodal NHL, extranodal MZBCL, and NK/T-cell lymphoma of nasal type compared with Western countries. Changes in the relative frequency of lymphoma subtypes are likely ascribed to refined diagnostic criteria and a change in national health care policy.

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Kyueng-Whan Min, Young-Ha Oh, Chan-Kum Park, So-Dug Lim, Wan-Seop Kim
The Korean Journal of Pathology.2011; 45(6): 589. CrossRef

Korean Pediatric/Adolescent Lymphoma: Incidence and Pathologic Characteristics.: Seung Sook Lee, Jin Man Kim, Young Hyeh Ko, Jooryung Huh, Chang Suk Kang, Chul Woo Kim, Yun Kyung Kang, Jai Hyang Go, Min Kyung Kim, Wan Seop Kim, Yoon Jung Kim, Hyun Jung Kim, Hee Kyung Kim, Jong Hee Nam, Hyung Bae Moon, Chan Kum Park, Tae In Park, Young Ha Oh, Dong Wha Lee, Jong Sil Lee, Juhie Lee, Hyekyung Lee, Sung Chul Lim, Kyu Yun Jang, Hee Kyung Chang, Yoon Kyung Jeon, Hye Ra Jung, Min Sun Cho, Hee Jeong Cha, Suk Jin Choi, Jae Ho Han, Sook Hee Hong, Insun Kim; Korean J Pathol. 2010;44(2):117-124.; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4132/KoreanJPathol.2010.44.2.117

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Abstract PDF

BACKGROUND
The Hematopathology Study Group of the Korean Society of Pathologists conducted a nation-wide retrospective analysis of Korean pediatric lymphoma, to provide pathologic data on pediatric/adolescent lymphoma subtypes and features.
METHODS
All lymphoma cases of all age groups were collected during a recent 2 year-period (2005-2006) from 32 institutes in Korea. Among 3,686 lymphoma patients, 142 who were age 18 or less were classified according to the World Health Organization (WHO) classification.
RESULTS
Among 142 pediatric/adolescent lymphoma patients, Hodgkin lymphoma accounted for 21 (14.8%) and non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) for 121 (85.2%). Hodgkin lymphoma appears to be more common in the pediatric/adolescent age group than in the all-ages group (14.8% vs 4.4%). T- and natural killer cell-NHL was more common in the pediatric/adolescent age group than in the all ages group (46.3% vs 22%). The majority of Korean pediatric/adolescent NHL cases was composed of Burkitt lymphoma, T- or B-lymphoblastic lymphoma, anaplastic large-cell lymphoma, and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. For lymphoma patients under the age of 6 years, most had B-lymphoblastic or Burkitt lymphoma, which commonly presented at extranodal sites.
CONCLUSIONS
The distribution of lymphoma subtypes in the pediatric/adolescent age group is quite different from the distribution of adults, but it was quite similar to distribution in Western countries.

Citations

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A Case of Nasal Type Extranodal NK/T Cell Lymphoma Incidentally Detected in a Child
Ha Jin Oh, Sang Hyun Park, Hae In Jang, Dong Hoon Lee, Yoo Duk Choi, Hee Jo Baek, Hoon Kook
Clinical Pediatric Hematology-Oncology.2015; 22(1): 76. CrossRef

Molecular Diagnosis of Cutaneous T Cell Lymphoproliferative Diseases.: Ji Young Park, Myung Hoon Lee, Eun Kyung Kwak, Dong Ja Kim, Tae In Park, Han Ik Bae; Korean J Pathol. 2000;34(11):941-949.

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Abstract PDF: It is often problematic to diagnose T-cell lymphoproliferative disorders of the skin because of the difficulty in establishing clonality in paraffin-embedded tissue. We used polymerase chain reaction single strand conformational polymorphism (PCR-SSCP) and heteroduplex analysis in paraffin embedded tissue to detect clonal rearrangement of T-cell receptor gamma (TCRgamma) gene in 17 T-cell lymphoproliferative disorders and 6 atypical lymphoproliferative diseases. We used polymerase chain reaction to detect TCR beta gene rearrangement in 8 of 17 cases which did not show TCRgamma gene rearrangement. Jurkat cell lines were used as monoclonal controls. DNA was extracted from 5 biopsies of T-cell lymphomas, 10 biopsies of mycosis fungoides, 2 biopsies of lymphomatoid papulosis, and 6 biopsies of atypical lymphoproliferative lesions. We detected monoclonality in 5 of 5 T-cell lymphoma cases, 2 of 2 lymphomatoid papulosis cases, 6 of 10 mycosis fungoides cases, and 2 of 6 atypical lymphoproliferative disease cases. We conclude that nonradioactive PCR-SSCP for TCR gene rearrangement analysis is a useful adjunct to routine histological and immunophenotypic methods in the diagnosis of cutaneous T cell lymphoproliferative disorders in paraffin embedded tissue.

Allelic Loss at the BRCA1 and BRCA2 Loci in Sporadic Breast Carcinoma Using Paraffin Embedded Tissue .: Ji Young Park, Myung Hoon Lee, Dong Ja Kim, Tae In Park, Young Ha Lee, Jung Wan Kim, Yoon Kyung Sohn; Korean J Pathol. 2002;36(2):100-105.

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Abstract PDF: BACKGROUND
Germline mutations in the breast cancer-associated genes BRCA1 and BRCA2 confer susceptibility and a lifetime risk of breast. Several morphological and clinical features have been attributed to hereditary tumors. However, in sporadic breast cancer, the interrelationship between the loss of heterozygosity (LOH) of these loci and clinical features remains to be fully elucidated.
METHODS
Microdissected paraffin-embedded tissue blocks of 48 cases of surgically resected breast carcinoma were investigated to identify the LOH of BRCA1 and BRCA2 using microsatellite markers.
RESULTS
Of 48 cases, 22 (45.9%) exhibited LOH at BRCA1 locus while in 29 out of 48 (60.4%) cases LOH was observed for the BRCA2 region. There was no significant correlation between LOH at BRCA1/2 and the patient's age, tumor size, histologic grade or lymph node metastasis. When comparing the frequency of LOH with the expression of several prognostic factors, such as p53, c-erb B2 protein, estrogen and progesterone receptor using immunohistochemical stain, there was only correlation with LOH at BRCA2 and the progesterone receptor.
CONCLUSIONS
Our results suggest that allelic deletion play a role to the development of sporadic breast cancers.

The Effect of Ischemic Preconditioning in Rat Liver: The Expression of Interleukin-1 and Nuclear Factor-B.: Kum Yoon Seup, Soo Kyoung Lee, Sun zoo Kim, Eun Kyoung Kwak, Ji Young Park, Tae In Park, Han Ik Bae, Yoon Kyung Sohn, In Soo Suh; Korean J Pathol. 2002;36(4):238-242.

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Abstract PDF: BACKGROUND
A short period of ischemia and reperfusion, called ischemic preconditioning, protects various tissues against subsequent sustained ischemic insult. Apoptosis of hepatocytes and sinusoidal endothelial cells are a critical mechanisms of injury in the ischemic liver. Because nuclear factor-B (NF-B) has a significant role in the cell survival, we hypothesized that ischemic preconditioning protects by inhibition of apoptosis through the expression of NF-B, induced by interleukin-1 (IL-1), which is known for enhancement of its transcription and activation.
METHODS
We induced ischemia and reperfusion on rat liver, and performed in situ terminal deoxyribonucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labelling assay and polymerase chain reaction for IL-1 mRNA and NF-B mRNA.
RESULTS
Apoptosis of hepatocytes and sinusoidal endothelial cells, assessed by in situ TUNEL assay, was significantly reduced with preconditioning. The expression of IL-1 mRNA and NF-B mRNA are seen on discrete monoclonal bands around 344 and 356 base pairs, in comparison with normal rat liver, but, there was no significant difference between the ischemia-reperfusion group and the preconditioning group.
CONCLUSIONS
We suggest that ischemic preconditioning confers dramatic protection against prolonged ischemia via inhibition of apotosis through the expression of IL-1 inducing NF-B and its activation. However, we need further study in the activity of NF-B, such as nucleotide shift assay, because the activity of NF-B is regulated by binding of the inhibitory protein, IB.

Case Report

Ipsilateral Synchronous Renal Cell Carcinoma and Transitional Cell Carcinoma: A Case Report.: Ji Young Park, Eun Kyung Kwak, Tae In Park; Korean J Pathol. 2002;36(6):429-432.

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Abstract PDF: We report a synchronous renal cell carcinoma (RCC) and renal pelvic transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) in the kidney of a 74-year-old man. The kidney was without hydronephrosis. The patient was admitted to the hospital because he had intermittent gross hematuria for three years. Histologically, a section of the specimen revealed a conventional (clear cell) RCC in renal parenchyma just beneath the renal pelvis and a papillary urothelial carcinoma arising from the renal pelvis at the upper pole; the two are completely separated from one another. The tumor cells of the TCC showed an overexpression of c-MET immunohistochemical staining and more intense positive reactivity for p53 immunohistochemical staining than those of the RCC. These findings suggest that c-Met and p53 may be associated with the development of papillary TCC.

Original Articles

Expression of p53 and Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor mRNA in Angiogenesis of Non-Small Cell Lung Carcinoma.: Jun Seog Kim, Tae In Park, Myoung Hoon Lee, Eun Kyoung Kwak, Ji Young Park, Jung Sik Kwak, Jong Min Chae; Korean J Pathol. 2003;37(1):35-40.

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Abstract PDF: BACKGROUND
Angiogenesis is one of the most important factors in the progression and me-tastasis of malignancies. Angiogenesis is a multistep process requiring the interaction of numerous factors able to stimulate the growth and development of new vessels. But, understanding of the mechanism involved in VEGF expression is unclear.
METHODS
Expressions of p53 and VEGF, and neovasculiarization were examined in 19 cases of surgically resected non-small cell carcinoma of the lung by the immunohistochemical staining. Furthermore, VEGF mRNA expressions were quantified in all cases using the real-time quantitative RT-PCR. These results were compared with clinicopathologic parameters such as histologic grade and stage.
RESULTS
Tumors with high aberrant p53 expressions showed significantly higher VEGF mRNA ex-pressions and microvessel counts than those with low p53 expressions. Expressions of p53 as well as VEGF and micovessel counts were closely associated with the tumor stage, but not with the histologic grade and other clinical parameters.
CONCLUSIONS
These results suggest that aberrant p53 expression may play a role in the regulation of VEGF expression and may be involved in controlling angiogenesis in non-small cell carcinoma of the lung.

Fine Needle Aspiration Cytologic Diagnosis of Thymoma Presenting as a Thyroid Nodule: A Report of Two Cases.: Dong Ja Kim, Ji Young Park, Yoon Seup Kum, Tae In Park, Yoon Kyung Sohn; Korean J Cytopathol. 2000;11(1):41-46.

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Abstract PDF: Thymoma is the most common anterior mediastinal tumor in adults. Rarely, it is presented as the anterior neck mass, commonly located in the anterolateral aspect of the neck or adjacent to the thyroid. We experienced two cases of fine needle aspiration cytology of thymoma, mimicking thyroid mass. The first case was an ectopoic cervical thymoma in a 31-year-old female. The fine needle aspiration cytology was misinterpreted as reactive hyperplasia of lymph node. But the histologic diagnosis was thymoma, predominantly lymphocytic type. The second case was an invasive thymoma in a 66-year-old female, who complained a large anterior neck mass. The fine needle aspiration cytology revealed biphasic population of some clusters of epithelial cells and scattered lymphocytes. The cytologic diagnosis was thymoma and was confirmed as invasive thymoma after the biopsy. Therefore, when the cytologic feature of anterior neck mass shows the both lymphocyte and epithelial component, the differential diagnosis should include the possibility of thymoma.

Effects of Selective Cyclooxygenase-2 Inhibitor NS-398 Pretreatment on the Rat Spinal Cord after Contusion Injury.: Hyeon Dae Cheong, Joo Kyung Sung, In Suk Ham, Ku Seong Kang, Joung Ok Kim, Jung Wan Kim, Tae In Park, Yoon Kyung Sohn; Korean J Pathol. 2006;40(4):255-262.

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Abstract PDF: BACKGROUND
Secondary spinal cord injury (SCI) that follows an initial mechanical insult can exacerbate the overall damage, limit the restorative processes and eventually lead to an in- creased neurological deficit. We hypothesized that selective inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) may decrease the delayed cell death, and so this will contribute to decreased level of the secondary injury.
METHODS
The dorsal surface of the cord at the T9 level was subjected to weight drop impact using a 10 g rod. To block COX-2 activation, a selective COX-2 inhibitor (NS-398) was administered (5 mg/kg, i.p.) 15 min prior to SCI. The COX-1, COX-2, Caspase-3 and PGE2 expressions were measured by real time quantitative RT-PCR and fluorescence immunostaining.
RESULTS
Many activated caspase-3 positive cells were observed at 6 h and they increased until 72 h after SCI. The expression of COX-2 peaked at 6 h after SCI, while the COX-1 expression was unaffected. The principal cells that showed a COX-2 expression were the neurons and microglia. Pretreatment with NS-398 caused a significant decrease in the expression of prostaglandin E2 and activated caspase-3 positive cells after SCI.
CONCLUSION
These data suggest that COX-2 is one of the main factors related with the pathologic deficits from secondary SCI.

Case Reports

Epidermal Cyst in the Renal Pelvis: A Case Report with Review of the Literature.: Sun Zoo Kim, Tae In Park, Sang Han Lee, Jung Sik Kwak; Korean J Pathol. 2004;38(4):270-272.

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Abstract PDF: We report here on a case of an epidermal cyst arising in the kidney. This cyst occurred in a 61-year-old woman with a past history of several attacks of ureteral stones and she received treatments of extracoporeal shock wave lithotripsy and open nephrolithostomy. On the intravenous pyelogram, a relatively well demarcated, 5x5 cm-sized lesion with calcification was detected in the renal pelvis and calices. The lesion was removed by percutaneous nephrolithotomy. Histologically, the lesion had the same morphologic feature as a typical epidermal cyst arising in the skin. It has been postulated that the intrarenal epidermal cyst arises either from epidermal remnants or it results from traumatic implantation of transformed epithelium. Considering the past history of the patient, it might well be suspected that the present case occurred as a result of traumatic implantation of metaplastic squamous epithelial cells. We report here on a very interesting case of an epidermal cyst in the renal pelvis with a review of the relevant literatures.

Sudden Death from Cardiac Sarcoidosis: A Case Report.: Soo Kyoung Lee, Sun Zoo Kim, Yoon Seup Kum, Tae In Park, Sang Han Lee, Jong Min Chae, Jung Sik Kwak; Korean J Pathol. 2003;37(5):358-361.

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Abstract PDF: Sarcoidosis is a systemic granulomatous inflammation with an unknown cause. The commonly involved sites are the lymph nodes, lungs, skin, eyes, and heart. Although cardiac involvement in sarcoidosis is rarely detected clinically, it is reported in 20-50% of autopsied sarcoidosis patients. Cardiac involvement is one of the most severe conditions of sarcoidosis and may cause sudden death. We report a case of a sudden death due to a massive cardiac sarcoidosis in a 43-year-old man. The microscopic examination revealed an extensive noncaseating granulomatous inflammation in the mediastinal lymph nodes and the heart with no evidence of myocyte necrosis. A special stain and molecular study excluded the possibility of other causes such as fungi or mycobacterium. The authors concluded that the cause of death was attributed to arrhythmia due to a cardiac sarcoidosis with massive involvement of the conduction system.

Original Articles

An Immunohistochemical Study on the Distribution of Endotoxin.: Tae In Park, Jung Ja Park, Jyung Sik Kwak, In Soo Suh; Korean J Pathol. 1994;28(3):260-271.

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Abstract: This study was performed to investigate the distribution of endotoxin in various organs after intraperitoneal injection of E. coli homogenator(0111:B4, 3X10(9)cells/200g of body weight). Sprague-Dawley rats were intraperitoneally injected with E. coli homogenator and sacrificed 1 and 3 hours after injection. The lung, liver, and kidney were immunohistochemically stained with avidin-biotin complex method and observed by light and electron microscopy. On the light microscopy, granular deposits of reaction products of immunohistochemical stain were found on the cytoplasmic membrane of endothelial cells and some of parenchymal cells of all organs observed. Electron microscopic study revealed finely granular reaction products on the surface of endothelial cells and some of parenchymal cells. The pinocytotic vesicles of endothelial cells demonstrated reaction products in the early phase of experiment. The distribution of reaction products were prominent in the liver among three organs. The Kupffer cells showed the most sensitive and strongest positive reaction. The hepatocytes and endothelial cells revealed weak positive reaction 3 hours later. The alveolar macrophages of the lung were also positive from the early phase of endotoxemia, while the pneumocytes and alveolar septa demonstrated weakly positive reaction in the later phase. The capillary endothelium of the kidney revealed positive reaction from the early phase. According to above results, it is concluded that the endotoxin entered into the systemic circulation was captured in the liver and lung. And both mononuclear phagocytic system and endothelial cells could be activated or damaged by endotoxin.

Immunohistochemical Study of Upper Respiratory Tract Malignant Lymphomas with Features of Polymorphic Reticulosis.: Jeong Ja Park, Tae In Park, Young Hyeh Ko, Jung Dal Lee; Korean J Pathol. 1994;28(2):144-148.

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Abstract PDF: Malignant lymphomas of the upper respiratory tract are relatively common in the Orient including Korea. They have a marked clinicopathologic and immunophenotypic diversity. We retrospectively reviewed 20 cases of malignant lymphomas with features of polymorphic reticulosis in the upper respiratory tract. Histopathologic findings consisted of polymorphism of lymphoid cells in 17 cases(85%), angiocentricity in 14 cases(70%), coagulation necrosis in 12 cases(60%), and epitheliotropism in 8 cases(40%). By Working Formulation, 14 cases(70%) were classified as diffuse large cell type, 4 cases(20%) as diffuse mixed small cleaved and large cell type, one case as immunoblastic type, and one case as anaplastic large cell type. On immunostaining, one showed B-cell phenotype and 19 cases showed T-cell phenotype. The B-cell type was histologically diffuse large cell type. From these results, we concluded that polymorphic reticulosis is a type of peripheral T-cell lymphoma with angiocentricity.

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